The Clarion-Clipperton Zone’s nodules are estimated to contain more nickel and cobalt than all terrestrial reserves — but commercial mining is still waiting on permits and an unfinished global rulebook
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Four kilometres beneath the Pacific, across a vast stretch of seafloor between Hawaii and Mexico, lie billions of tonnes of dark, potato-sized rocks containing manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper. A US Geological Survey review puts the Clarion-Clipperton Zone’s polymetallic-nodule resource at a conservative 21.1 billion dry tonnes and says its tonnages of many critical metals exceed those in terrestrial reserves.
That is the basis for the zone’s extraordinary mineral comparisons. It is also an
That is the basis for the zone’s extraordinary mineral comparisons. It is also an
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